Resumo Objetivo: Nosso objetivo é entender como os proprietários de pequenas empresas desenvolvem inovações. Referencial teórico: Adotamos a teoria social cognitiva para entendermos como se dão as atividades inovadoras em pequenas empresas. Além disso, voltamos a Schumpeter para retornar ao conceito central de inovação e entender como o proprietário pode desenvolver inovações e como deve ser essa abordagem de inovação centrada no proprietário. Metodologia: Realizamos uma pesquisa de estudo de caso múltiplo em pequenas empresas de diferentes setores tradicionais. Como fontes de evidência, entrevistamos os participantes em profundidade por meio de uma entrevista semiestruturada; e acessamos dados de redes sociais como as fan pages das empresas em questão no Facebook e no Instagram. Resultados: Os resultados explicam o que leva os empresários à inovação e o que afeta a estrutura de inovação de seus negócios. Esses resultados são expressos pelos antecedentes de inovação que surgiram indutivamente nesse setor e podem ajudar a explicar as diferenças entre pequenas empresas inovadoras e pequenas empresas não inovadoras. Implicações práticas e sociais da pesquisa: Desenvolvemos uma abordagem projetada para estudar a inovação no contexto e na realidade das pequenas empresas. E, a fim de contribuir para o desenvolvimento de inovações em “empresas esquecidas”, listamos algumas recomendações para agências de apoio, órgãos governamentais e pesquisadores. Contribuições: A inovação em pequenas empresas é influenciada pela propensão do proprietário em reconhecer e aproveitar as oportunidades. O foco no proprietário, portanto, tem implicações que norteiam a atividade de inovação na pequena empresa e que precisam ser consideradas pelos pesquisadores.

Abstract Purpose: We aim to understand how small business owners develop innovations. Theoretical framework: We adopt social cognitive theory to understand innovative activities in small businesses. We draw on Schumpeter’s work to understand how owners may develop innovations and how an owner-centered approach to innovation should take form. Design/methodology/approach: We conducted a multiple case study in small businesses from different traditional sectors. We conducted in-depth semi-structured interviews with the participants and we accessed data from social networks such as the Facebook and Instagram fan pages of the businesses. Findings: The results explain what drives business owners towards innovation and what affects the innovation structure of their businesses. These results are expressed through the antecedents of innovation that emerged from the field and may help in explaining the differences between innovative small businesses and non-innovative small businesses. Research Practical & Social implications: We developed an approach designed for studying innovation within the context and reality of small businesses. In order to contribute to the development of innovations in forgotten businesses, we have listed some recommendations for supporting agencies, government bodies, and researchers alike. Originality/value: Small business innovation is influenced by the owner’s propensity to recognize and act on opportunities. Therefore, the owner can guide the innovation activity in a small business and this needs to be considered by researchers.

Abstract Purpose There is a great reliance on fiscal incentives to sustain the automotive industry competitiveness due to several structural problems, among them the inefficiency of the supply chain. This paper aims to compare the supply chain structure of traditional automotive industry with the supply chains from South Korea and China. Based on strategic decision and transaction cost theory, this comparison seeks to exploit the factors that led to the inefficiency of automotive supply chains. Design/methodology/approach The authors used a qualitative approach and applied a multi-method research. They conducted semi-structured interviews with six executives from automakers representing the selected countries, carried individual meetings during one workshop and used secondary data from several sources. Findings Concepts identified in the research such as reliability, supply chain governance and automaker competencies led the authors to propose that the traditional automakers have higher transaction costs when compared to the new automakers due to the horizontal structure of their supply chain. While new competitors have vertical upstream supply chains, which indicates better profitability, traditional automotive industry is horizontal, depends on fewer Tier 1 suppliers and is disconnected from Tier 2, impacting negatively in the transaction costs and supply chain management. Practical implications This study suggests that automotive executives rethink the current upstream supply chain model by identifying the competencies required for their current and future competitiveness and implementing a vertical integration of these competencies. Originality/value This research exploited the inefficiency of supply chain as one of the explanations for the low competitiveness of the national automotive industry.

Este trabalho tem como objetivo avaliar o impacto de um programa de microcrédito produtivo orientado de uma instituição de microcrédito, ligada a um banco comercial, a partir de uma amostra de 20.628 clientes. Os casos de sucesso de programas de microcrédito estudados na literatura apontam a existência de características específicas, tais como: (a) o uso de grupo solidário, também chamando de aval solidário; (b) forte participação feminina; (c) foco em regiões pobres, e (d) presença de um agente de crédito. Identificou-se que a variável gênero feminino está associada ao aumento de renda do indivíduo participante do programa. O valor médio das vendas das mulheres cresceu cerca de 10% a cada tomada de crédito.

This study aims to evaluate the impact of productive microcredit provided by a microfinance institution linked to a commercial bank by examining a sample of 20,628 customers. Academic literature points to the existence of shared specific characteristics amongst successful microcredit programs, including: (a) the use of a solidarity group, also called a joint debtor, (b) strong female participation, (c) a focus on poor regions, and (d) the presence of a loan officer. This article finds that the female variable is associated with increased income for the individual participant. Women began the program with an average sales value less than men, yet their sales grew exponentially at about 10% with each extension of credit.

The rapid developing product and service markets and developments in information technologies have accelerated growth in outsourcing of peripheral activities and critical business as well, enhancing the importance of network supply chain management. This paper analyzes the dynamics of supply chain management and the creation of value in an industry with strong network effects and constantly introduction of disruptive technologies, the videogame industry. This industry evolves at a high velocity, with a lifecycle of five to six years for consoles, which features a new generation of consoles, where new companies and technologies appear and disappear at each generation.

A competitividade das nações é assunto relevante aos tomadores de decisão quando se trata da escolha do país que poderá render melhores resultados aos investimentos. Nessa linha, busca-se analisar a métrica de competitividade dos países utilizando conceitos da estatística multivariada, a fim de simplificar e evitar resultados dúbios quanto ao tema. Para isso, utilizaram-se as bases de dados de 2010 publicadas pelo World Economic Forum (WEF), que utiliza 12 pilares para estabelecer a condição competitiva de 133 países. Verificou-se que a métrica utilizada pelo WEF é redundante, já que utiliza pilares que representam o mesmo constructo. Verificou-se, ainda, que a prontidão tecnológica explica a competitividade do país em 86,5% e que a combinação entre estabilidade macroeconômica, qualidade do ensino superior e sofisticação dos negócios eleva esse percentual para 95,7%.

The competitiveness of nations is a relevant matter to decision makers when it comes to choose the country which may yield better results on investment. In this trend, this study seeks to analyze the metrics of competitiveness of countries using multivariate statistical concepts in order to simplify and avoid mixed results on the subject. With such a purpose, we used the databases published by the World Economic Forum (WEF) in 2010, which uses twelve pillars to establish the competitive position of 133 countries. It was found that the metric used by the WEF is redundant since it relies on pillars that represent the same construct. It was found that Technology Readiness explains the country's competitiveness in 86.5% and that the combination of Macroeconomic Stability, Quality of Higher Education and Business Sophistication rises this percentage to 95.7%.

La competitividad de las naciones es un asunto relevante para los tomadores de decisión cuando se trata de la elección del país que podrá rendir mejores resultados para las inversiones. En esa línea, se busca analizar la métrica de competitividad de los países utilizando conceptos de la estadística multivariada, a fin de simplificar y evitar resultados dudosos respecto al tema. Para eso, se utilizaron las bases de datos de 2010 publicadas por el World Economic Forum (WEF), que utiliza 12 pilares para establecer la condición competitiva de 133 países. Se verificó que la métrica utilizada por el WEF es redundante, ya que utiliza pilares que representan el mismo constructo. También se verificó que la prontitud tecnológica explica la competitividad del país en 86,5% y que la combinación entre estabilidad macroeconómica, calidad de la enseñanza superior y sofisticación de los negocios eleva ese porcentual a 95,7%.

In the operations management field, operational practices like total quality management or just in time have been seen as a way to improve operational performance and ultimately financial performance. Empirical support for this effect of operational practices in financial performance has been, however, limited due to research design and the inherent difficulties of using performance as a dependent variable. In this paper, we tested the relationship between selected operational practices (quality management, just in time, ISO certification and services outsourcing) in financial performance outcomes of profitability and growth. A sample of 1200 firms, operating in São Paulo, Brazil, was used. Analysis using multiple regression explored the direct effect of practices and their interaction with industry dummies. Results did not support the existence of a positive relationship with financial performance. A negative relationship of outsourcing with both profitability and growth was found, supporting some critical views of the outsourcing practice. A weaker negative relationship between ISO certification and growth was also found. Some interactions between practices and industries were also significant, with mixed results, indicating that the effect of practices on performance might be context dependent.

Supply chain optimization, company interdependency and the establishment of global operating networks have all made companies more susceptible to uncertainty and risk. Literature on the subject lacks analysis of how companies have implemented these systems and what the results have been. This paper describes the implementation of Enterprise Risk Management (ERM) in three Brazilian world-class companies and evaluates the hindrances and facilitating factors. It also considers the results achieved in performance and company culture. Finally, we propose a model associating the benefits of risk management to the level of organizational transformation.

This work seeks to assess the outsourcing process adopted by Philips for producing LCD televisions. The authors used the Resource-based Theory and the Transaction Cost Theory for analyzing the case. Based on industry data and interviews with ten of the company's senior executives, this study sought to understand how the decision making process was carried out and how it affected the company's activities in the field of LCD televisions. Philips has lost its competitiveness in the Brazilian market - it went from being the leader in 2006 to fourth place in 2009, both as far as regards its sales volume and value. The executives pointed out that the LCD panel is an important resource and that its supply by third parties represented a high transaction cost. The results illustrate the complementarity that exists between the RBT and TCT theories in a competitive environment that has few players.

Nos últimos anos, temos observado movimentos cíclicos na arquitetura da cadeia de suprimento de alguns setores produtivos. Ora temos o setor integrado verticalmente, composto por grandes empresas dominantes, ora temos o mesmo setor desintegrado horizontalmente, constituído por uma multidão de empresas atuando em nichos de mercado. Nesse ambiente altamente competitivo, o domínio de competências essenciais, com maior valor agregado, é decisivo para a sobrevivência de qualquer organização. Este artigo propõe facilitar a compreensão do assunto, analisando a evolução dos modelos tradicionais de decisão fazer versus comprar e avaliando sua adequação em setores da economia com elevada velocidade evolutiva.

In recent years, we have observed a cyclical pattern in the architecture of the supply chains of individual sectors of the economy. Sometimes we see a vertical integrated sector, composed of large dominating companies, other times we see the same sector horizontally disintegrated, constituted of a great number of companies competing in marketing niches. In this highly competitive environment, the command of core competencies with higher added value is essential to the survival of any organization. This article intends to throw some light on this subject by analyzing the evolution of the classical make-buy models and evaluating their adequacy to economic sectors of high-speed evolution.